All the Salesforce triggers will be stored in ApexTrigger Entity. So, we can execute a SOQL fetch all the trigger names from a Salesforce Organization.
Sample SOQL:
SELECT Id, Name, TableEnumOrId FROM ApexTrigger
SELECT Id, Name, TableEnumOrId FROM ApexTrigger
For additional columns/fields, check the below link
https://developer.salesforce.com/docs/atlas.en-us.api.meta/api/sforce_api_objects_apextrigger.htm