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In order to find or query all the Standard Profiles in Salesforce, we have to query the ProfileId from the PermissionSet object/entity where IsCustom is equal to false and IsOwnedByProfile is equal to true.
IsCustom is equal to false and IsOwnedByProfile is equal to true filters on PermissionSet object/entity fetches all the profiles. Please check the following SOQL for your reference.
SOQL:
SELECT Id, Name
FROM Profile
WHERE Id IN(
SELECT ProfileId
FROM PermissionSet
WHERE IsCustom = false
AND IsOwnedByProfile = true
)
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