In order to find or query all the Standard Profiles in Salesforce, we have to query the ProfileId from the PermissionSet object/entity where IsCustom is equal to false and IsOwnedByProfile is equal to true.

IsCustom is equal to false and IsOwnedByProfile is equal to true filters on PermissionSet object/entity fetches all the profiles. Please check the following SOQL for your reference.

SOQL:

SELECT Id, Name
FROM Profile
WHERE Id IN(
SELECT ProfileId
FROM PermissionSet
WHERE IsCustom = false
AND IsOwnedByProfile = true
)